Cover and Title Page: Marianna Armata/Moment Open/Getty Images.

Preface: Page ix: Stefano Garau/Shutterstock. Page x: Marianna Armata/Moment Open/Getty Images.

Table of Contents: Page xi: Andy Roberts/OJO Images/Getty Images. Page xii: MIKE CLARKE/AFP via Getty Images; Oleksiy Maksymenko/Alamy Stock Photo. Page xiii: George Resch/Fundamental Photographs; Toshi Sasaki/Getty Images. Page xiv: Alfred Benjamin/Science Source. Page xv: Blickwinkel/Alamy Stock Photo. Page xvi: Andrew Dunn/Alamy Stock Photo.

Part I Opener Page 1: U.S. Air Force photo/Joe Davila. Page 2: Tim De Waele/Getty Images. Page 3: Jason Edwards/National Geographic/Alamy Stock Photo; Loop Images Ltd/Alamy Stock Photo; Loop Images Ltd/Alamy Stock Photo; Richard Megna/Fundamental Photographs; RooM the Agency/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 4: Albert Einstein; MarchCattle/Shutterstock. Page 8: Rangizzz/Shutterstock; U.S. Air Force photo/Staff Sgt. Larry E. Reid Jr. Page 11: Courtesy of Audi/ZUMAPRESS/Newscom. Page 19: Blaj Gabriel/Shutterstock. Page 21: US Department of Commerce. Page 22: BASED ON A NASA/JPL PRESS RELEASE.

Page 32: maximimages.com/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 38: STS-129 Crew/NASA. Page 46: Manfred Kage/Science Source. Page 49: Ted Kinsman/Science Source. Page 50: S.Tuengler - Inafrica.de/Alamy Stock Photo.

Page 65: Andy Roberts/OJO Images/Getty Images. Page 69: Pincasso/Shutterstock.

Page 80: Nikos Stavrinidis/500px/Getty Images. Page 85: Terry Oakley/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 87: Richard Megna/Fundamental Photographs. Page 93: Tetra Images/Alamy Stock Photo.

Page 110: Alvov/Shutterstock. Page 111: Dmitry Kalinovsky/Shutterstock; Comstock/Getty Images; Yakov Oskanov/Shutterstock; Todd Taulman/Shutterstock; Pearson Education, Inc. Page 120: Pleriche. Page 122: FStop Images GmbH/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 123: Allan Swart/123RF.

Page 131: Tom Tracy Photography/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 132 Akira Kaede/Getty Images. Page 140: NASA. Page 145: Pearson Education, Inc. Page 145: Jon Sparks/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 161: Richard Megna/Fundamental Photographs

Page 163: C. Kurt Holter/Shutterstock. Page 165: Todd Taulman Photography/Shutterstock. Page 168: “Newton, Issac Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica,” 1687.

Page 186: Ed Freeman/Stone/Getty Images. Page 189: Doug James/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 195: STS-135 Crew/NASA.

Part II Opener Page 209: Foxbat/Shutterstock. Page 210: MIKE CLARKE/AFP via Getty Images. Page 211 Left: Kyodo/Newscom; Center: John Foxx/Getty Images; Right: Stacey Bates/Shutterstock. Page 212 Top Left: Image and Events/Alamy Stock Photo; Bottom Left: Murat sarica/Getty Images; Top Right: Vibrant Image Studio/Shutterstock; Bottom Right: Galaxy Picture Library/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 224: The Color Archives/Alamy Stock Photo.

Page 235: Prochasson Frederic/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 237: Strahil Dimitrov/Shutterstock.

Page 267: Nathapol Kongseang/Shutterstock. Page 268: Ted Kinsman/Science Source. Page 274: ZUMA Press, Inc./Alamy Stock Photo. Page 280: alisbalb/Getty Images. Page 285: Richard Megna/Fundamental Photographs.

Part III Opener Page 299: NASA. Page 300: Atomic Imagery/Getty Images. Page 310: Polka Dot Images/Getty Images. Page 313: Adrian Seal/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 317: Karl Thomas/Robert Harding World Imagery/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 320 Top: Chris Nash/Getty Images; Bottom: Richard Megna/Fundamental Photographs.

Page 342: R-Type/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 344: bilwissedition Ltd. & Co. KG/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 346: Irina Dmitrienko/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 349: NASA/JPL/University of Texas Center for Space Research. Page 353: NASA Headquarters. Page 363: LIGO Laboratory.

Page 364: Oleksiy Maksymenko/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 372: Joseph P. Sinnot/Fundamental Photographs. Page 378: Louise Murray/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 381 Top: Erik Mandre/Shutterstock; Center: TECHART Automobildesign; Bottom: Lisa Kyle Young/Getty Images. Page 383: B. Tanaka/Corbis Documentary/Getty Images. Page 388: VEM/Science Source. Page 391: Rkriminger/Shutterstock.

Part IV Opener Page 401: AguaSonic Acoustics/Science Source. Page 402: George Resch/Fundamental Photographs. Page 404: Chribbe76. Page 413: LIGO Laboratory. Page 420: MORNING LIGHT/Balan Madhavan/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 424: Martin Bough/Fundamental Photographs. Page 433: Dr. Harold G. Craighead, Professor.

Page 436: Douglas Peebles Photography/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 437: Olga Selyutina/Shutterstock. Page 438: Adapted from PSSC Physics, 7th edition by Haber-Schaim, Dodge, Gardner, and Shore, Published by Kendall/Hunt, 1991. Page 441: Aflo Co., Ltd./Alamy Stock Photo. Page 451: B. Benoit/Science Source. Page 452: David Parker/Science Source. Page 462: NOAA/AP Images. Page 464: Kavan Ratnatunga (Carnegie Mellon Univ.) and NASA.

Page 471: Stefano Garau/Shutterstock. Page 473: Renn Sminkey/Creative Digital Vision. Page 474: World History Archive/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 482: Brian Atkinson/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 484: GaudiLab/Shutterstock. Page 489: Eric Schrader/Pearson Education, Inc. Page 491: Richard Megna/Fundamental Photographs.

Part V Opener Page 505: Pablo Paul/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 506: Toshi Sasaki/Getty Images. Page 509: Richard Megna/Fundamental Photographs. Page 510: Richard Megna/Fundamental Photographs. Page 513: Brian Brown/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 515: Sean White/Design Pics Inc/Alamy Stock Photo.

Page 531: ARCTIC IMAGES/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 533: Alexey Dudoladov/Getty Images. Page 539: Gordon Saunders/Shutterstock. Page 544: Stocktrek Images/Getty Images. Page 549: Ryan Fletcher/Shutterstock. Page 553: Pascal Goetgheluck/Science Source; Cn Boon/Alamy Stock Photo; stockfour/Shutterstock. Page 554: Sciencephotos/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 555: Image courtesy of NASA.

Page 590: Basement Stock/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 564: Wjarek/iStockphoto/Getty Images. Page 582: Randy Knight. Page 586: HappyRichStudio/Shutterstock.

Page 598: Janice and Nolan Braud/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 601: Cultura Creative (RF)/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 604: Teresa Olson/Shutterstock. Page 608: Malcolm Fife/Getty Images.

Part VI Opener Page 629: NASA/SDO. Page 630: Vadym Drobot/Alamy Stock Photo; North Monaco/Shutterstock; chuyuss/Shutterstock. Page 632: George Resch/Fundamental Photographs. Page 642: My Hardy/Shutterstock. Page 646: John Eisele/Colorado State University.

Page 659: RooM the Agency/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 676: Courtesy of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.

Page 688: Alfred Benjamin/Science Source.

Page 717: dpa picture alliance/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 726: Eye Ubiquitous/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 733: Oksana Skendzic/123RF GB Limited.

Page 744: Lightboxx/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 750: Paul Silverman/Fundamental Photographs. Page 752: Andrew Lambert Photograph/Science Source. Page 753: Gusto/Science Source. Page 754: Eric Schrader/Pearson Education, Inc. Page 755: MXL Mic. Page 756: Pushish Images/Shutterstock. Page 759: Adam Hart-Davis/Science Source.

Page 772: iLUXimage/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 780: Witold Krasowski/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 783: May/Science Source. Page 784: Kiyoshi Takahase Segundo/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 785: David J. Green/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 788: Serhiy Kuzmin/Alamy Stock Photo.

Page 796: Forance/Shutterstock. Page 803: nbehmans/Getty Images. Page 804: By Ian Miles-Flashpoint Pictures/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 810: Tricky_Shark/Shutterstock. Page 812: Purestock/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 814: Randall Knight.

Page 826: cyo bo/Shutterstock. Page 828: John Eisele/Colorado State University. Page 836: John Eisele/Colorado State University. Page 838: Horizon International Images Limited/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 843: John Eisele/Colorado State University. Page 844: Bradwieland/Getty Images. Page 847: Richard Megna/Fundamental Photographs. Page 848: Neutronman/Getty Images. Page 857: Andrew Lambert Photography/Science Source.

Page 866: Thunderbolt_TW (Bai Heng-yao) photography/Getty Images. Page 883: scanrail/123RF. Page 885: Jeff T. Green/REUTERS. Page 887: MISS KANITHAR AIUMLA-OR/Shutterstock. Page 892: Take A Pix Media/Shutterstock

Page 906: Buccaneer/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 918: USACE Engineer Research and Development Center. Page 925: NASA. Page 926: Monchai Tudsamalee/123RF. Page 927: All Photos: Richard Megna/Fundamental Photographs. Page 928: All Photos: Richard Megna/Fundamental Photographs. Page 930: David Burton/Alamy Stock Photo.

Page 935: Rolf Schulten/ullstein bild/Getty Images. Page 949: Randall Knight. Page 950: huyangshu/Shutterstock.

Part VII Opener Page 959: artpartner-images.com/Alamy Stock Photo, Page 960 Chapter Opener: Blickwinkel/Alamy Stock Photo; Top: Dieter Zawischa; Center: Pearson Education, Inc.; Bottom: CENCO Physics/Fundamental Photographs. Page 961 Top: Richard Megna/Fundamental Photographs; Bottom: Sigitas Baltramaitis/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 968: Pran Mukherjee, Thomas H Zurbuchen, and L Jay Guo, “Fabrication and testing of freestanding Si nanogratings for UV filtration on space-based particle sensors”. IOP Publishing Ltd (2009). Page 970 Top: Jan phanomphrai/Shutterstock; Top Insert: Subbotina Anna/Shutterstock. Page 973: Ken Kay/Fundamental Photographs. Page 977 Top Right: Randy Knight; Bottom: Pearson Education, Inc. Page 980 Top: CENCO Physics/Fundamental Photographs; Bottom: LIGO Laboratory. Page 981: Rod Nave. Page 982: Philippe Plailly/Science Source. Page 987: irin-k/Shutterstock.

Page 990 Chapter Opener: GIPhotoStock/Science Source; Bottom Left: sciencephotos/Alamy Stock Photo; Top Right: sciencephotos/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 996: Pearson Education, Inc. Page 999: Richard Megna/Fundamental Photographs. Page 1003 All Photos: Richard Megna/Fundamental Photographs. Page 1004: algre/Shutterstock. Page 1007: Andrey_Popov/Shutterstock Page 1014: Yaacov Dagan/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 1017: BSIP/Science Source.

Page 1025 Chapter Opener: Hanna Kuprevich/Alamy Stock Photo. Bottom: Pearson Education, Inc. Page 1026: Christine Whitehead/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 1029 All Photos: Richard Megna/Fundamental Photographs. Page 1030 Top: Murat Baysan/Shutterstock; Center: NASA; Bottom: Randy Knight. Page 1032: Tetra Images/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 1035: Tetra Images/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 1036: Biophoto Associates/Science Source. Page 1039: Eric Schrader/Pearson Education, Inc. Page 1040: Majeczka/Shutterstock. Page 1042: Dr. Jeremy Burgess/Science Source. Page 1043: Pearson Education, Inc. Page 1045: Pearson Education, Inc. Page 1050 All Photos: Pearson Education, Inc.

Part VIII Opener Page 1051: Eric Toombs. Page 1052 Top: NG Images/Alamy Stock Photo; Bottom: 3d brained/Shutterstock. Page 1053: Alpha Historica/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 1068: U.S. Department of Defense Visual Information Center. Page 1070: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center/Science Source. Page 1081: WILDLIFE GmbH/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 1084: LBNL/Science Source. Page 1085: WDCN/Univ. College London/Science Source

Page 1093 Chapter Opener: BYphoto/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 1095: Kevin Ebi/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 1099: GL Archive/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 1100: Science & Society Picture Library/Getty Images.

Page 1115 Chapter Opener: Andrew Dunn/Alamy Stock Photo; Center Left: Dr. Antoine Weis; Top Right: Dr. Antoine Weis. Page 1119: Bettmann/Getty Images. Page 1123: Dr. Antoine Weis. Page 1126: Dr. Antoine Weis. Page 1127: Vassil/National Institute of Standards and Technology.

Page 1148 Chapter Opener: NASA/JPL-Caltech/AGEFotostock; Center Right: Dr Claus Jonsson. Page 1149: Pearson Education, Inc. Page 1154: Dr. Claus Jonsson.

Page 1171 Chapter Opener: National Institute of Standards and Technology. Page 1172: Chronicle/Alamy Stock Photo. Page 1201: Colin Cuthbert/Science Source.

Page 1208 Chapter Opener: Andrew Brookes, National Physical Laboratory/Science Source. Page 1212: J.P. Harrington and K.J. Borkowski (U. Maryland)/HST, NASA. Page 1224: National Bureau of Standards. Page 1227: Nancy Bauer/Shutterstock. Page 1232: Meggers Gallery/AIP/Science Source.

Page 1240 Chapter Opener: MAXIMILIEN BRICE, CERN/Science Source Page 1242: British Antarctic Survey/Science Source. Page 1248: SPL/Science Source. Page 1254: James King-Holmes/Science Source. Page 1258: Roy Kaltschmidt/Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Page 1261: Mark Kostich/Getty Images. Page 1262: Zephyr/Science Source.