Detailed Contents

PART I Newton’s Laws

Overview Why Things Move

1. 1 Concepts of Motion

   1. 1.1 Motion Diagrams

   2. 1.2 Models and Modeling

   3. 1.3 Position, Time, and Displacement

   4. 1.4 Velocity

   5. 1.5 Linear Acceleration

   6. 1.6 Motion in One Dimension

   7. 1.7 Solving Problems in Physics

   8. 1.8 Units and Significant Figures

      1. SUMMARY

      2. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

2. 2 Kinematics in One Dimension

   1. 2.1 Uniform Motion

   2. 2.2 Instantaneous Velocity

   3. 2.3 Finding Position from Velocity

   4. 2.4 Motion with Constant Acceleration

   5. 2.5 Free Fall

   6. 2.6 Motion on an Inclined Plane

   7. 2.7 ADVANCED TOPIC Instantaneous Acceleration

      1. SUMMARY

      2. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

3. 3 Vectors and Coordinate Systems

   1. 3.1 Scalars and Vectors

   2. 3.2 Using Vectors

   3. 3.3 Coordinate Systems and Vector Components

   4. 3.4 Unit Vectors and Vector Algebra

      1. SUMMARY

      2. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

4. 4 Kinematics in Two Dimensions

   1. 4.1 Motion in Two Dimensions

   2. 4.2 Projectile Motion

   3. 4.3 Relative Motion

   4. 4.4 Uniform Circular Motion

   5. 4.5 Centripetal Acceleration

   6. 4.6 Nonuniform Circular Motion

      1. SUMMARY

      2. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

5. 5 Force and Motion

   1. 5.1 Force

   2. 5.2 A Short Catalog of Forces

   3. 5.3 Identifying Forces

   4. 5.4 What Do Forces Do?

   5. 5.5 Newton’s Second Law

   6. 5.6 Newton’s First Law

   7. 5.7 Free-Body Diagrams

      1. SUMMARY

      2. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

6. 6 Dynamics I: Motion Along a Line

   1. 6.1 The Equilibrium Model

   2. 6.2 Using Newton’s Second Law

   3. 6.3 Mass, Weight, and Gravity

   4. 6.4 Friction

   5. 6.5 Drag

   6. 6.6 More Examples of Newton’s Second Law

      1. SUMMARY

      2. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

7. 7 Newton’s Third Law

   1. 7.1 Interacting Objects

   2. 7.2 Analyzing Interacting Objects

   3. 7.3 Newton’s Third Law

   4. 7.4 Ropes and Pulleys

   5. 7.5 Examples of Interacting-Objects Problems

      1. SUMMARY

      2. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

8. 8 Dynamics II: Motion in a Plane

   1. 8.1 Dynamics in Two Dimensions

   2. 8.2 Uniform Circular Motion

   3. 8.3 Circular Orbits

   4. 8.4 Reasoning About Circular Motion

   5. 8.5 Nonuniform Circular Motion

      1. SUMMARY

      2. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

KNOWLEDGE STRUCTURE Part 1 Newton’s Laws

PART II Conservation Laws

1. Overview Why Some Things Don’t Change

1. 9 Work and Kinetic Energy

   1. 9.1 Energy Overview

   2. 9.2 Work and Kinetic Energy for a Single Particle

   3. 9.3 Calculating the Work Done

   4. 9.4 Restoring Forces and the Work Done by a Spring

   5. 9.5 Dissipative Forces and Thermal Energy

   6. 9.6 Power

      1. SUMMARY

      2. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

2. 10 Interactions and Potential Energy

   1. 10.1 Potential Energy

   2. 10.2 Gravitational Potential Energy

   3. 10.3 Elastic Potential Energy

   4. 10.4 Conservation of Energy

   5. 10.5 Energy Diagrams

   6. 10.6 Force and Potential Energy

   7. 10.7 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces

   8. 10.8 The Energy Principle Revisited

      1. SUMMARY

      2. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

3. 11 Impulse and Momentum

   1. 11.1 Momentum and Impulse

   2. 11.2 Conservation of Momentum

   3. 11.3 Collisions

   4. 11.4 Explosions

   5. 11.5 Momentum in Two Dimensions

   6. 11.6 ADVANCED TOPIC Rocket Propulsion

      1. SUMMARY

      2. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

KNOWLEDGE STRUCTURE Part II Conservation Laws

PART III Applications of Newtonian Mechanics

1. Overview Power Over Our Environment

1. 12 Rotation of a Rigid Body

   1. 12.1 Rotational Motion

   2. 12.2 Rotation About the Center of Mass

   3. 12.3 Rotational Energy

   4. 12.4 Calculating Moment of Inertia

   5. 12.5 Torque

   6. 12.6 Rotational Dynamics

   7. 12.7 Rotation About a Fixed Axis

   8. 12.8 Static Equilibrium

   9. 12.9 Rolling Motion

   10. 12.10 The Vector Description of Rotational Motion

   11. 12.11 Angular Momentum

   12. 12.12 ADVANCED TOPIC Precession of a Gyroscope

       1. SUMMARY

       2. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

2. 13 Newton’s Theory of Gravity

   1. 13.1 A Little History

   2. 13.2 Isaac Newton

   3. 13.3 Newton’s Law of Gravity

   4. 13.4 Little g and Big G

   5. 13.5 Gravitational Potential Energy

   6. 13.6 Satellite Orbits and Energies

      1. SUMMARY

      2. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

3. 14 Fluids and Elasticity

   1. 14.1 Fluids

   2. 14.2 Pressure

   3. 14.3 Measuring and Using Pressure

   4. 14.4 Buoyancy

   5. 14.5 Fluid Dynamics

   6. 14.6 Motion of a Viscous Fluid

   7. 14.7 Elasticity

      1. SUMMARY

      2. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

KNOWLEDGE STRUCTURE Part III Applications of Newtonian Mechanics

PART IV Oscillations and Waves

1. Overview The Wave Model

1. 15 Oscillations

   1. 15.1 Simple Harmonic Motion

   2. 15.2 SHM and Circular Motion

   3. 15.3 Energy in SHM

   4. 15.4 The Dynamics of SHM

   5. 15.5 Vertical Oscillations

   6. 15.6 The Pendulum

   7. 15.7 Damped Oscillations

   8. 15.8 Driven Oscillations and Resonance

   9. 15.9 ADVANCED TOPIC Coupled Oscillations and Normal Modes

      1. SUMMARY

      2. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

2. 16 Traveling Waves

   1. 16.1 An Introduction to Waves

   2. 16.2 One-Dimensional Waves

   3. 16.3 Sinusoidal Waves

   4. 16.4 ADVANCED TOPIC The Wave Equation on a String

   5. 16.5 Sound and Light

   6. 16.6 ADVANCED TOPIC The Wave Equation in a Fluid

   7. 16.7 Waves in Two and Three Dimensions

   8. 16.8 Power, Intensity, and Decibels

   9. 16.9 The Doppler Effect

      1. SUMMARY

      2. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

3. 17 Superposition

   1. 17.1 The Principle of Superposition

   2. 17.2 Standing Waves

   3. 17.3 Standing Waves on a String

   4. 17.4 Standing Sound Waves and Musical Acoustics

   5. 17.5 Interference in One Dimension

   6. 17.6 The Mathematics of Interference

   7. 17.7 Interference in Two and Three Dimensions

   8. 17.8 Beats

      1. SUMMARY

      2. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

KNOWLEDGE STRUCTURE Part IV Oscillations and Waves

PART V Thermodynamics

1. Overview It’s All About Energy

1. 18 A Macroscopic Description of Matter

   1. 18.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases

   2. 18.2 Atoms and Moles

   3. 18.3 Temperature

   4. 18.4 Thermal Expansion

   5. 18.5 Phase Changes

   6. 18.6 Ideal Gases

   7. 18.7 Ideal-Gas Processes

      1. SUMMARY

      2. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

2. 19 Work, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics

   1. 19.1 It’s All About Energy

   2. 19.2 Work in Ideal-Gas Processes

   3. 19.3 Heat

   4. 19.4 The First Law of Thermodynamics

   5. 19.5 Thermal Properties of Matter

   6. 19.6 Calorimetry

   7. 19.7 The Specific Heats of Gases

   8. 19.8 Heat-Transfer Mechanisms

      1. SUMMARY

      2. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

3. 20 The Micro/Macro Connection

   1. 20.1 Connecting the Microscopic and the Macroscopic

   2. 20.2 Molecular Speeds and Collisions

   3. 20.3 Pressure in a Gas

   4. 20.4 Temperature

   5. 20.5 Thermal Energy and Specific Heat

   6. 20.6 Heat Transfer and Thermal Equilibrium

   7. 20.7 Irreversible Processes and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

   8. 20.8 Microstates, Multiplicity, and Entropy

   9. 20.9 Using Entropy

      1. SUMMARY

      2. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

4. 21 Heat Engines and Refrigerators

   1. 21.1 Turning Heat into Work

   2. 21.2 Heat Engines and Refrigerators

   3. 21.3 Ideal-Gas Heat Engines

   4. 21.4 Ideal-Gas Refrigerators

   5. 21.5 The Limits of Efficiency

   6. 21.6 The Carnot Cycle

      1. SUMMARY

      2. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

KNOWLEDGE STRUCTURE Part V Thermodynamics

PART VI Electricity and Magnetism

1. Overview Forces and Fields

1. 22 Electric Charges and Forces

   1. 22.1 The Charge Model

   2. 22.2 Charge

   3. 22.3 Insulators and Conductors

   4. 22.4 Coulomb’s Law

   5. 22.5 The Electric Field

      1. SUMMARY

      2. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

2. 23 The Electric Field

   1. 23.1 Electric Field Models

   2. 23.2 The Electric Field of Point Charges

   3. 23.3 The Electric Field of a Continuous Charge Distribution

   4. 23.4 The Electric Fields of Some Common Charge Distributions

   5. 23.5 The Parallel-Plate Capacitor

   6. 23.6 Motion of a Charged Particle in an Electric Field

   7. 23.7 Motion of a Dipole in an Electric Field

      1. SUMMARY

      2. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

3. 24 Gauss’s Law

   1. 24.1 Symmetry

   2. 24.2 The Concept of Flux

   3. 24.3 Calculating Electric Flux

   4. 24.4 Gauss’s Law

   5. 24.5 Using Gauss’s Law

   6. 24.6 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium

      1. SUMMARY

      2. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

4. 25 The Electric Potential

   1. 25.1 Electric Potential Energy

   2. 25.2 The Potential Energy of Point Charges

   3. 25.3 The Potential Energy of a Dipole

   4. 25.4 The Electric Potential

   5. 25.5 The Electric Potential Inside a Parallel-Plate Capacitor

   6. 25.6 The Electric Potential of a Point Charge

   7. 25.7 The Electric Potential of Many Charges

      1. SUMMARY

      2. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

5. 26 Potential and Field

   1. 26.1 Connecting Potential and Field

   2. 26.2 Finding the Electric Field from the Potential

   3. 26.3 A Conductor in Electrostatic Equilibrium

   4. 26.4 Sources of Electric Potential

   5. 26.5 Capacitance and Capacitors

   6. 26.6 The Energy Stored in a Capacitor

   7. 26.7 Dielectrics

      1. SUMMARY

      2. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

6. 27 Current and Resistance

   1. 27.1 The Electron Current

   2. 27.2 Creating a Current

   3. 27.3 Current and Current Density

   4. 27.4 Conductivity and Resistivity

   5. 27.5 Resistance and Ohm’s Law

      1. SUMMARY

      2. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

7. 28 Fundamentals of Circuits

   1. 28.1 Circuit Elements and Diagrams

   2. 28.2 Kirchhoff’s Laws and the Basic Circuit

   3. 28.3 Energy and Power

   4. 28.4 Series Resistors

   5. 28.5 Real Batteries

   6. 28.6 Parallel Resistors

   7. 28.7 Resistor Circuits

   8. 28.8 Getting Grounded

   9. 28.9 RC Circuits

      1. SUMMARY

      2. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

8. 29 The Magnetic Field

   1. 29.1 Magnetism

   2. 29.2 The Discovery of the Magnetic Field

   3. 29.3 The Source of the Magnetic Field: Moving Charges

   4. 29.4 The Magnetic Field of a Current

   5. 29.5 Magnetic Dipoles

   6. 29.6 Ampère’s Law and Solenoids

   7. 29.7 The Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge

   8. 29.8 Magnetic Forces on Current-Carrying Wires

   9. 29.9 Forces and Torques on Current Loops

   10. 29.10 Magnetic Properties of Matter

       1. SUMMARY

       2. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

9. 30 Electromagnetic Induction

   1. 30.1 Induced Currents

   2. 30.2 Motional emf

   3. 30.3 Magnetic Flux

   4. 30.4 Lenz’s Law

   5. 30.5 Faraday’s Law

   6. 30.6 Induced Fields

   7. 30.7 Induced Currents: Three Applications

   8. 30.8 Inductors

   9. 30.9 LC Circuits

   10. 30.10 LR Circuits

       1. SUMMARY

       2. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

10. 31 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves

    1. 31.1 E or B? It Depends on Your Perspective

    2. 31.2 The Field Laws Thus Far

    3. 31.3 The Displacement Current

    4. 31.4 Maxwell’s Equations

    5. 31.5 ADVANCED TOPIC Electromagnetic Waves

    6. 31.6 Properties of Electromagnetic Waves

    7. 31.7 Polarization

       1. SUMMARY

       2. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

11. 32 AC Circuits

    1. 32.1 AC Sources and Phasors

    2. 32.2 Capacitor Circuits

    3. 32.3 RC Filter Circuits

    4. 32.4 Inductor Circuits

    5. 32.5 The Series RLC Circuit

    6. 32.6 Power in AC Circuits

       1. SUMMARY

       2. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

Knowledge Structure Part VI Electricity and Magnetism

PART VII Optics

1. Overview The Story of Light

1. 33 Wave Optics

   1. 33.1 Models of Light

   2. 33.2 The Interference of Light

   3. 33.3 The Diffraction Grating

   4. 33.4 Single-Slit Diffraction

   5. 33.5 ADVANCED TOPIC A Closer Look at Diffraction

   6. 33.6 Circular-Aperture Diffraction

   7. 33.7 The Wave Model of Light

   8. 33.8 Interferometers

      1. SUMMARY

      2. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

2. 34 Ray Optics

   1. 34.1 The Ray Model of Light

   2. 34.2 Reflection

   3. 34.3 Refraction

   4. 34.4 Image Formation by Refraction at a Plane Surface

   5. 34.5 Thin Lenses: Ray Tracing

   6. 34.6 Thin Lenses: Refraction Theory

   7. 34.7 Image Formation with Spherical Mirrors

      1. SUMMARY

      2. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

3. 35 Optical Instruments

   1. 35.1 Lenses in Combination

   2. 35.2 The Camera

   3. 35.3 Vision

   4. 35.4 Optical Systems That Magnify

   5. 35.5 Color and Dispersion

   6. 35.6 The Resolution of Optical Instruments

      1. SUMMARY

      2. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

KNOWLEDGE STRUCTURE Part VII Optics

PART VIII Relativity and Quantum Physics

1. Overview Contemporary Physics

1. 36 Relativity

   1. 36.1 Relativity: What’s It All About?

   2. 36.2 Galilean Relativity

   3. 36.3 Einstein’s Principle of Relativity

   4. 36.4 Events and Measurements

   5. 36.5 The Relativity of Simultaneity

   6. 36.6 Time Dilation

   7. 36.7 Length Contraction

   8. 36.8 The Lorentz Transformations

   9. 36.9 Relativistic Momentum

   10. 36.10 Relativistic Energy

       1. SUMMARY

       2. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

2. 37 The Foundations of Modern Physics

   1. 37.1 Matter and Light

   2. 37.2 The Emission and Absorption of Light

   3. 37.3 Cathode Rays and X Rays

   4. 37.4 The Discovery of the Electron

   5. 37.5 The Fundamental Unit of Charge

   6. 37.6 The Discovery of the Nucleus

   7. 37.7 Into the Nucleus

   8. 37.8 Classical Physics at the Limit

      1. SUMMARY

      2. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

3. 38 Quantization

   1. 38.1 The Photoelectric Effect

   2. 38.2 Einstein’s Explanation

   3. 38.3 Photons

   4. 38.4 Matter Waves and Energy Quantization

   5. 38.5 Bohr’s Model of Atomic Quantization

   6. 38.6 The Bohr Hydrogen Atom

   7. 38.7 The Hydrogen Spectrum

      1. SUMMARY

      2. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

4. 39 Wave Functions and Uncertainty

   1. 39.1 Waves, Particles, and the Double-Slit Experiment

   2. 39.2 Connecting the Wave and Photon Views

   3. 39.3 The Wave Function

   4. 39.4 Normalization

   5. 39.5 Wave Packets

   6. 39.6 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

      1. SUMMARY

      2. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

5. 40 One-Dimensional Quantum Mechanics

   1. 40.1 The Schrödinger Equation

   2. 40.2 Solving the Schrödinger Equation

   3. 40.3 A Particle in a Rigid Box: Energies and Wave Functions

   4. 40.4 A Particle in a Rigid Box: Interpreting the Solution

   5. 40.5 The Correspondence Principle

   6. 40.6 Finite Potential Wells

   7. 40.7 Wave-Function Shapes

   8. 40.8 The Quantum Harmonic Oscillator

   9. 40.9 More Quantum Models

   10. 40.10 Quantum-Mechanical Tunneling

       1. SUMMARY

       2. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

6. 41 Atomic Physics

   1. 41.1 The Hydrogen Atom: Angular Momentum and Energy

   2. 41.2 The Hydrogen Atom: Wave Functions and Probabilities

   3. 41.3 The Electron’s Spin

   4. 41.4 Multielectron Atoms

   5. 41.5 The Periodic Table of the Elements

   6. 41.6 Excited States and Spectra

   7. 41.7 Lifetimes of Excited States

   8. 41.8 Stimulated Emission and Lasers

      1. SUMMARY

      2. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

7. 42 Nuclear Physics

   1. 42.1 Nuclear Structure

   2. 42.2 Nuclear Stability

   3. 42.3 The Strong Force

   4. 42.4 The Shell Model

   5. 42.5 Radiation and Radioactivity

   6. 42.6 Nuclear Decay Mechanisms

   7. 42.7 Biological Applications of Nuclear Physics

      1. SUMMARY

      2. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS