1. a. The piston does work W on the gas. There’s no heat because of the insulation, and $\text{Δ}{E}_{\text{mech}}=0$ because the gas as a whole doesn’t move. Thus $\text{Δ}{E}_{\text{th}}=W>0$. The work increases the system’s thermal energy and thus raises its temperature.

2. d. $W_{\text{A}}=0$ because A is an isochoric process. $W_{\text{B}}=W_{1\text{to}2}+W_{2\text{to}3}$. $W_{2\text{to}3}>W_{1\text{to}2}$ because there’s more area under the curve, and $W_{2\text{to}3}$ is positive whereas $W_{1\text{to}2}$ is negative. Thus $W_{\text{B}}$ is positive.

3. b and e. The temperature rises in d from doing work on the gas $(\text{Δ}{E}_{\text{th}}=W)$, not from heat. e involves heat because there is a temperature difference. The temperature of the gas doesn’t change because the heat is used to do the work of lifting a weight.

4. c. The temperature increases so $E_{\text{th}}$ must increase. W is negative in an expansion, so Q must be positive and larger than $\left|W\right|$.

5. a. A has a smaller specific heat and thus less thermal inertia. The temperature of A will change more than the temperature of B.

6. a. $W_{\text{A}}+Q_{\text{A}}=W_{\text{B}}+Q_{\text{B}}$. The area under process A is larger than the area under B, so $W_{\text{A}}$ is more negative than $W_{\text{B}}$. $Q_{\text{A}}$ has to be more positive than $Q_{\text{B}}$ to maintain the equality.

7. c. Conduction, convection, and evaporation require matter. Only radiation transfers energy through the vacuum of space.

1. 60 J

3. $200{\text{cm}}^3$

5.

1. 240 J

2. 330 J

7.

9.

11. 500 kPa

13. 78 kJ

15. 6.9 kJ

17. 1200 W

19. $0.55\text{°}\text{C}$

21. $522\text{°}\text{F}$

23. $73.5\text{°}\text{C}$

25. $40\text{°}\text{C}$

27.

• A: $-1000\text{J}$,

• B: 1400 J

29.

1. 31 J

2. $60\text{°}\text{C}$

31.

1. $\gamma ={\displaystyle \frac{\text{ln}(2.5)}{\text{ln}(2.0)}}=1.3$

2. 1.3

33. 16 kW

35. 5.8 s

37. 26 W

39. 16 kJ

41. 12 J/s

43. Aluminum

45. 2.8 atm

47.

1. 140 J

2. 0.4 L

49.

1. 3500 Pa

2. $4.9\times {10}^{20}$ molecules

3. $110\text{°}\text{C}$

4. 26 cm

5. $-0.57\text{J}$

51. $4.5\times {10}^2\text{J}$

53.

1. $250\text{°}\text{C}$

2. 33 cm

55.

• a. 3.1 atm

• b. 9.7 L

• c.

  

  Full Alternative Text

57.

• a. $4300{\text{cm}}^3\text{,}610\text{°}\text{C}$

• b. 3000 J

• c. 1.0 atm

• d. $-2200\text{J}$

• e.

  

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59. 2.3 mm

61.

• a. $T_{\text{Af}}=300\text{K, V}{}_{\text{Af}}=2.5\times {10}^{-3}{\text{m}}^3\text{,}{T}_{\text{Bf}}=220\text{K, V}{}_{\text{Bf}}=1.8\times {10}^{-3}{\text{m}}^3$

• b.

  

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63. $28\text{°}\text{C}$

65.

• a. 5500 K

• b. 0 J

• c. 54 kJ

• d. 20

• e.

  

  Full Alternative Text

67.

1. 0.75 kg

2. 23 h

69. $-18\text{°}\text{C}$

71. $83\text{°}\text{C}$

73. 1100 K, $24{\text{cm}}^3$

75.

2. $0.0156\mathrm{mol}$

77.

2. $V_{\text{max}}\text{/}{V}_{\text{min}}=5.18$

79. $1.1\times {10}^5\text{L}$

81. $-41\text{°}\text{C}$

83. 39 J