Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 5th Edition
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All Pages
Preface
Cover
Titlepage
Copyright
About the Author
Preface to the Instructor
Acknowledgments
Preface to the Student
Contents
Detailed Contents
Part I: Newton’s Laws
Part I: Newton’s Laws Overview: Why Things Move
Chapter 1: Concepts of Motion
Introduction: Concepts of Motion
1.1: Motion Diagrams
1.1.1: Making a Motion Diagram
1.2: Models and Modeling
1.2.1: The Particle Model
1.3: Position, Time, and Displacement
1.3.1: Scalars and Vectors
1.3.2: Displacement
1.3.3: Motion Diagrams with Displacement Vectors
1.3.4: Time Interval
1.4: Velocity
1.4.1: Motion Diagrams with Velocity Vectors
1.5: Linear Acceleration
1.5.1: Finding the Acceleration Vectors on a Motion Diagram
1.5.2: The Complete Motion Diagram
1.5.3: Examples of Motion Diagrams
1.6: Motion in One Dimension
1.6.1: Determining the Signs of Position, Velocity, and Acceleration
1.6.2: Position-versus-Time Graphs
1.7: Solving Problems in Physics
1.7.1: Using Symbols
1.7.2: Drawing Pictures
1.7.3: Representations
1.7.4: A Problem-Solving Strategy
1.8: Units and Significant Figures
1.8.1: Time
1.8.2: Length
1.8.3: Mass
1.8.4: Using Prefixes
1.8.5: Unit Conversions
1.8.6: Assessment
1.8.7: Significant Figures
1.8.8: Orders of Magnitude and Estimating
Chapter 1: Summary
Chapter 1: Conceptual Questions
Chapter 1: Exercises and Problems
Chapter 2: Kinematics in One Dimension
Introduction: Kinematics in One Dimension
2.1: Uniform Motion
2.1.1: The Mathematics of Uniform Motion
2.1.2: The Uniform-Motion Model
2.2: Instantaneous Velocity
2.2.1: A Little Calculus: Derivatives
2.3: Finding Position from Velocity
2.3.1: A Little More Calculus: Integrals
2.4: Motion with Constant Acceleration
2.4.1: Signs and Units
2.4.2: The Kinematic Equations of Constant Acceleration
2.4.3: The Constant-Acceleration Model
2.5: Free Fall
2.6: Motion on an Inclined Plane
2.6.1: Thinking Graphically
2.7: Advanced Topic: Instantaneous Acceleration
Chapter 2: Summary
Chapter 2: Conceptual Questions
Chapter 2: Exercises and Problems
Chapter 3: Vectors and Coordinate Systems
Introduction: Vectors and Coordinate Systems
3.1: Scalars and Vectors
3.2: Using Vectors
3.2.1: Vector Addition
3.2.2: More Vector Mathematics
3.3: Coordinate Systems and Vector Components
3.3.1: Coordinate Systems
3.3.2: Component Vectors
3.3.3: Components
3.4: Unit Vectors and Vector Algebra
3.4.1: Vector Math
3.4.2: Tilted Axes and Arbitrary Directions
Chapter 3: Summary
Chapter 3: Conceptual Questions
Chapter 3: Exercises and Problems
Chapter 4: Kinematics in Two Dimensions
Introduction: Kinematics in Two Dimensions
4.1: Motion in Two Dimensions
4.1.1: Acceleration Graphically
4.1.2: Acceleration Mathematically
4.1.3: Constant Acceleration
4.2: Projectile Motion
4.2.1: Reasoning About Projectile Motion
4.2.2: The Projectile Motion Model
4.3: Relative Motion
4.3.1: Reference Frames
4.4: Uniform Circular Motion
4.4.1: Angular Position
4.4.2: Angular Velocity
4.5: Centripetal Acceleration
4.5.1: The Uniform Circular Motion Model
4.6: Nonuniform Circular Motion
4.6.1: Tangential Acceleration
Chapter 4: Summary
Chapter 4: Conceptual Questions
Chapter 4: Exercises and Problems
Chapter 5: Force and Motion
Introduction: Force and Motion
5.1: Force
5.1.1: Force Vectors
5.1.2: Combining Forces
5.2: A Short Catalog of Forces
5.2.1: Gravity
5.2.2: Spring Force
5.2.3: Tension Force
5.2.4: Normal Force
5.2.5: Friction
5.2.6: Drag
5.2.7: Thrust
5.2.8: Electric and Magnetic Forces
5.3: Identifying Forces
5.4: What Do Forces Do?
5.4.1: Mass
5.5: Newton’s Second Law
5.5.1: Forces Are Interactions
5.6: Newton’s First Law
5.6.1: What Good Is Newton’s First Law?
5.6.2: Inertial Reference Frames
5.6.3: Thinking About Force
5.7: Free-Body Diagrams
Chapter 5: Summary
Chapter 5: Conceptual Questions
Chapter 5: Exercises and Problems
Chapter 6: Dynamics I: Motion Along a Line
Introduction: Dynamics I: Motion Along a Line
6.1: The Equilibrium Model
6.2: Using Newton’s Second Law
6.3: Mass, Weight, and Gravity
6.3.1: Mass: An Intrinsic Property
6.3.2: Gravity: A Force
6.3.3: Weight: A Measurement
6.3.4: Weightlessness
6.4: Friction
6.4.1: Static Friction
6.4.2: Kinetic Friction
6.4.3: Rolling Friction
6.4.4: A Model of Friction
6.4.5: Causes of Friction
6.5: Drag
6.5.1: Reynolds Number
6.5.2: Drag at High Reynolds Number
6.5.3: Terminal Speed
6.5.4: Drag at Low Reynolds Number
6.5.5: Motion at Low Reynolds Number
6.5.6: Advanced Topic: Stopping Time and Distance
6.6: More Examples of Newton’s Second Law
Chapter 6: Summary
Chapter 6: Conceptual Questions
Chapter 6: Exercises and Problems
Chapter 7: Newton’s Third Law
Introduction: Newton’s Third Law
7.1: Interacting Objects
7.1.1: Objects, Systems, and the Environment
7.2: Analyzing Interacting Objects
7.2.1: Propulsion
7.3: Newton’s Third Law
7.3.1: Reasoning with Newton’s Third Law
7.3.2: Acceleration Constraints
7.3.3: A Strategy for Interacting-Objects Problems
7.4: Ropes and Pulleys
7.4.1: Tension Revisited
7.4.2: The Massless String Approximation
7.4.3: Pulleys
7.5: Examples of Interacting-Objects Problems
Chapter 7: Summary
Chapter 7: Conceptual Questions
Chapter 7: Exercises and Problems
Chapter 8: Dynamics II: Motion in a Plane
Introduction: Dynamics II: Motion in a Plane
8.1: Dynamics in Two Dimensions
8.1.1: Projectile Motion Revisited
8.2: Uniform Circular Motion
8.2.1: Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion
8.2.2: The Central-Force Model
8.3: Circular Orbits
8.3.1: Satellites
8.4: Reasoning About Circular Motion
8.4.1: Centrifugal Force?
8.4.2: Gravity on a Rotating Earth
8.4.3: Why Does the Water Stay in the Bucket?
8.5: Nonuniform Circular Motion
Chapter 8: Summary
Chapter 8: Conceptual Questions
Chapter 8: Exercises and Problems
Part I Summary
Part I Knowledge Structure: Newton’s Laws
Part II: Conservation Laws
Part II: Conservation Laws Overview: Why Some Things Don’t Change
Chapter 9: Work and Kinetic Energy
Introduction: Work and Kinetic Energy
9.1: Energy Overview
9.1.1: The Energy Principle
9.1.2: The Basic Energy Model
9.2: Work and Kinetic Energy for a Single Particle
9.2.1: Work
9.2.2: Signs of Work
9.2.3: Extending the Model
9.3: Calculating the Work Done
9.3.1: Constant Force
9.3.2: Work as a Dot Product of Two Vectors
9.3.3: Zero-Work Situations
9.3.4: Variable Force
9.4: Restoring Forces and the Work Done by a Spring
9.4.1: Work Done by Springs
9.5: Dissipative Forces and Thermal Energy
9.5.1: Energy at the Microscopic Level
9.5.2: Dissipative Forces
9.6: Power
Chapter 9: Summary
Chapter 9: Conceptual Questions
Chapter 9: Exercises and Problems
Chapter 10: Interactions and Potential Energy
Introduction: Interactions and Potential Energy
10.1: Potential Energy
10.1.1: Systems Matter
10.2: Gravitational Potential Energy
10.2.1: The Zero of Potential Energy
10.2.2: Energy Bar Charts
10.2.3: Digging Deeper into Gravitational Potential Energy
10.2.4: Motion with Gravity and Friction
10.3: Elastic Potential Energy
10.3.1: Including Gravity
10.4: Conservation of Energy
10.4.1: It Depends on the System
10.4.2: A Strategy for Energy Problems
10.4.3: Where Is Potential Energy?
10.5: Energy Diagrams
10.5.1: Equilibrium Positions
10.5.2: Molecular Bonds
10.6: Force and Potential Energy
10.7: Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
10.7.1: Nonconservative Forces
10.8: The Energy Principle Revisited
10.8.1: Energy Bar Charts Expanded
Chapter 10: Summary
Chapter 10: Conceptual Questions
Chapter 10: Exercises and Problems
Chapter 11: Impulse and Momentum
Introduction: Impulse and Momentum
11.1: Momentum and Impulse
11.1.1: Momentum
11.1.2: Impulse
11.1.3: An Analogy with the Energy Principle
11.1.4: Momentum Bar Charts
11.1.5: Solving Impulse and Momentum Problems
11.2: Conservation of Momentum
11.2.1: Systems of Particles
11.2.2: Isolated Systems
11.2.3: A Strategy for Conservation of Momentum Problems
11.2.4: It Depends on the System
11.3: Collisions
11.3.1: Inelastic Collisions
11.3.2: Elastic Collisions
11.3.3: Using Reference Frames
11.3.4: Two Collision Models
11.4: Explosions
11.5: Momentum in Two Dimensions
11.6: Advanced Topic: Rocket Propulsion
Chapter 11: Summary
Chapter 11: Conceptual Questions
Chapter 11: Exercises and Problems
Part II Summary
Part II Knowledge Structure: Conservation Laws
Part III: Applications of Newtonian Mechanics
Part III: Applications of Newtonian Mechanics Overview: Power Over Our Environment
Chapter 12: Rotation of a Rigid Body
Introduction: Rotation of a Rigid Body
12.1: Rotational Motion
12.1.1: Brief Review of Rotational Kinematics
12.2: Rotation About the Center of Mass
12.2.1: Finding the Center of Mass by Integration
12.3: Rotational Energy
12.4: Calculating Moment of Inertia
12.4.1: The Parallel-Axis Theorem
12.5: Torque
12.5.1: Interpreting Torque
12.5.2: Net Torque
12.5.3: Gravitational Torque
12.6: Rotational Dynamics
12.7: Rotation About a Fixed Axis
12.7.1: Constraints Due to Ropes and Pulleys
12.7.2: The Constant-Torque Model
12.8: Static Equilibrium
12.8.1: Balance and Stability
12.9: Rolling Motion
12.9.1: Kinetic Energy of a Rolling Object
12.9.2: The Great Downhill Race
12.10: The Vector Description of Rotational Motion
12.10.1: The Angular Velocity Vector
12.10.2: The Cross Product of Two Vectors
12.10.3: Torque
12.11: Angular Momentum
12.11.1: Angular Momentum of a Rigid Body
12.11.2: Conservation of Angular Momentum
12.11.3: Angular Momentum and Angular Velocity
12.12: Advanced Topic: Precession of a Gyroscope
Chapter 12: Summary
Chapter 12: Conceptual Questions
Chapter 12: Exercises and Problems
Chapter 13: Newton’s Theory of Gravity
Introduction: Newton’s Theory of Gravity
13.1: A Little History
13.1.1: Tycho and Kepler
13.2: Isaac Newton
13.3: Newton’s Law of Gravity
13.3.1: Gravitational Force and Weight
13.3.2: The Principle of Equivalence
13.3.3: Newton’s Theory of Gravity
13.4: Little g and Big G
13.4.1: Decrease of g with Distance
13.4.2: Weighing the Earth
13.5: Gravitational Potential Energy
13.5.1: The Flat-Earth Approximation
13.6: Satellite Orbits and Energies
13.6.1: Kepler’s Third Law
13.6.2: Kepler’s Second Law
13.6.3: Orbital Energetics
Chapter 13: Summary
Chapter 13: Conceptual Questions
Chapter 13: Exercises and Problems
Chapter 14: Fluids and Elasticity
Introduction: Fluids and Elasticity
14.1: Fluids
14.1.1: Volume and Density
14.2: Pressure
14.2.1: Causes of Pressure
14.2.2: Pressure in Gases
14.2.3: Atmospheric Pressure
14.2.4: Pressure in Liquids
14.3: Measuring and Using Pressure
14.3.1: Solving Hydrostatic Problems
14.3.2: Manometers and Barometers
14.3.3: Pressure Units
14.3.4: Blood Pressure
14.3.5: The Hydraulic Lift
14.4: Buoyancy
14.4.1: Float or Sink?
14.4.2: Terminal Speed in a Liquid
14.4.3: Boats
14.5: Fluid Dynamics
14.5.1: The Equation of Continuity
14.5.2: Bernoulli’s Equation
14.5.3: Two Applications
14.6: Motion of a Viscous Fluid
14.6.1: Turbulence
14.7: Elasticity
14.7.1: Tensile Stress and Young’s Modulus
14.7.2: Volume Stress and the Bulk Modulus
Chapter 14: Summary
Chapter 14: Conceptual Questions
Chapter 14: Exercises and Problems
Part III Summary
Part III Knowledge Structure: Applications of Newtonian Mechanics
Part IV: Oscillations and Waves
Part IV: Oscillations and Waves Overview: The Wave Model
Chapter 15: Oscillations
Introduction: Oscillations
15.1: Simple Harmonic Motion
15.1.1: Kinematics of Simple Harmonic Motion
15.2: SHM and Circular Motion
15.2.1: Initial Conditions: The Phase Constant
15.3: Energy in SHM
15.3.1: Conservation of Energy
15.4: The Dynamics of SHM
15.4.1: Solving the Equation of Motion
15.5: Vertical Oscillations
15.6: The Pendulum
15.6.1: The Small-Angle Approximation
15.6.2: The Simple-Harmonic-Motion Model
15.6.3: The Physical Pendulum
15.7: Damped Oscillations
15.7.1: Lightly Damped Oscillators
15.8: Driven Oscillations and Resonance
15.9: Advanced Topic: Coupled Oscillations and Normal Modes
15.9.1: Symmetric and Antisymmetric Modes
15.9.2: Weak Coupling
Chapter 15: Summary
Chapter 15: Conceptual Questions
Chapter 15: Exercises and Problems
Chapter 16: Traveling Waves
Introduction: Traveling Waves
16.1: An Introduction to Waves
16.1.1: Wave Speed
16.2: One-Dimensional Waves
16.2.1: Longitudinal Waves
16.2.2: The Displacement
16.3: Sinusoidal Waves
16.3.1: The Fundamental Relationship for Sinusoidal Waves
16.3.2: The Mathematics of Sinusoidal Waves
16.3.3: The Velocity of a Particle in the Medium
16.4: Advanced Topic: The Wave Equation on a String
16.4.1: Traveling Wave Solutions
16.5: Sound and Light
16.5.1: Sound Waves
16.5.2: Electromagnetic Waves
16.5.3: The Index of Refraction
16.5.4: The Wave Model
16.6: Advanced Topic: The Wave Equation in a Fluid
16.6.1: Predicting the Speed of Sound
16.7: Waves in Two and Three Dimensions
16.7.1: Phase and Phase Difference
16.8: Power, Intensity, and Decibels
16.8.1: Sound Intensity Level
16.9: The Doppler Effect
16.9.1: A Stationary Source and a Moving Observer
16.9.2: The Doppler Effect for Light Waves
Chapter 16: Summary
Chapter 16: Conceptual Questions
Chapter 16: Exercises and Problems
Chapter 17: Superposition
Introduction: Superposition
17.1: The Principle of Superposition
17.2: Standing Waves
17.2.1: Nodes and Antinodes
17.2.2: The Mathematics of Standing Waves
17.3: Standing Waves on a String
17.3.1: Creating Standing Waves
17.3.2: Standing Electromagnetic Waves
17.4: Standing Sound Waves and Musical Acoustics
17.4.1: Tubes with Openings
17.4.2: Musical Instruments
17.5: Interference in One Dimension
17.5.1: The Phase Difference
17.6: The Mathematics of Interference
17.6.1: Application: Thin-Film Optical Coatings
17.7: Interference in Two and Three Dimensions
17.7.1: Identical Sources
17.7.2: A Problem-Solving Strategy for Interference Problems
17.8: Beats
Chapter 17: Summary
Chapter 17: Conceptual Questions
Chapter 17: Exercises and Problems
Part IV Summary
Part IV Knowledge Structure: Oscillations and Waves
Part V: Thermodynamics
Part V: Thermodynamics Overview: It’s All About Energy
Chapter 18: A Macroscopic Description of Matter
Introduction: A Macroscopic Description of Matter
18.1: Solids, Liquids, and Gases
18.1.1: State Variables
18.2: Atoms and Moles
18.2.1: Atomic Mass and Atomic Mass Number
18.2.2: Moles and Molar Mass
18.3: Temperature
18.3.1: Absolute Zero and Absolute Temperature
18.4: Thermal Expansion
18.5: Phase Changes
18.5.1: Phase Diagrams
18.6: Ideal Gases
18.6.1: The Ideal-Gas Law
18.7: Ideal-Gas Processes
18.7.1: The pV Diagram
18.7.2: Quasi-Static Processes
18.7.3: Constant-Volume Process
18.7.4: Constant-Pressure Process
18.7.5: Constant-Temperature Process
Chapter 18: Summary
Chapter 18: Conceptual Questions
Chapter 18: Exercises and Problems
Chapter 19: Work, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics
Introduction: Work, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics
19.1: It’s All About Energy
19.1.1: Energy Transfer
19.1.2: The Missing Piece: Heat
19.2: Work in Ideal-Gas Processes
19.2.1: Isochoric Process
19.2.2: Isobaric Process
19.2.3: Isothermal Process
19.2.4: Work Depends on the Path
19.3: Heat
19.3.1: Thermal Interactions
19.3.2: Units of Heat
19.3.3: Heat, Temperature, and Thermal Energy
19.4: The First Law of Thermodynamics
19.4.1: Three Special Ideal-Gas Processes
19.5: Thermal Properties of Matter
19.5.1: Temperature Change and Specific Heat
19.5.2: Phase Change and Heat of Transformation
19.6: Calorimetry
19.7: The Specific Heats of Gases
19.7.1: CP and CV
19.7.2: Heat Depends on the Path
19.7.3: Adiabatic Processes
19.7.4: Proof of Equation 19.34
19.8: Heat-Transfer Mechanisms
19.8.1: Conduction
19.8.2: Convection
19.8.3: Radiation
Chapter 19: Summary
Chapter 19: Conceptual Questions
Chapter 19: Exercises and Problems
Chapter 20: The Micro/Macro Connection
Introduction: The Micro/Macro Connection
20.1: Connecting the Microscopic and the Macroscopic
20.2: Molecular Speeds and Collisions
20.2.1: Mean Free Path
20.3: Pressure in a Gas
20.3.1: Force Due to Collisions
20.3.2: The Root-Mean-Square Speed
20.4: Temperature
20.5: Thermal Energy and Specific Heat
20.5.1: Monatomic Gases
20.5.2: The Equipartition Theorem
20.5.3: Solids
20.5.4: Diatomic Molecules
20.6: Heat Transfer and Thermal Equilibrium
20.6.1: The Systems Exchange Energy
20.7: Irreversible Processes and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
20.7.1: Thermal Energy Disperses
20.7.2: Introducing Entropy
20.7.3: Reasoning with Entropy
20.7.4: Is Entropy Disorder?
20.8: Microstates, Multiplicity, and Entropy
20.8.1: Multiplicity of a Physical System
20.8.2: Defining Entropy
20.8.3: The Second Law Revisited
20.9: Using Entropy
20.9.1: Isothermal Processes
20.9.2: Entropy of Heating
20.9.3: The Entropy of an Ideal Gas
20.9.4: Interactions
20.9.5: Analyzing an Irreversible Process
20.9.6: Entropy and Life
Chapter 20: Summary
Chapter 20: Conceptual Questions
Chapter 20: Exercises and Problems
Chapter 21: Heat Engines and Refrigerators
Introduction: Heat Engines and Refrigerators
21.1: Turning Heat into Work
21.1.1: Work Done by the System
21.1.2: Energy-Transfer Diagrams
21.1.3: Work into Heat and Heat into Work
21.2: Heat Engines and Refrigerators
21.2.1: A Heat-Engine Example
21.2.2: Refrigerators
21.2.3: No Perfect Heat Engines
21.3: Ideal-Gas Heat Engines
21.3.1: Ideal-Gas Summary
21.3.2: A Strategy for Heat-Engine Problems
21.3.3: The Brayton Cycle
21.4: Ideal-Gas Refrigerators
21.5: The Limits of Efficiency
21.5.1: A Perfectly Reversible Engine Has Maximum Efficiency
21.5.2: Conditions for a Perfectly Reversible Engine
21.6: The Carnot Cycle
21.6.1: Designing a Carnot Engine
21.6.2: Entropy and Maximum Efficiency
Chapter 21: Summary
Chapter 21: Conceptual Questions
Chapter 21: Exercises and Problems
Part V Summary
Part V Knowledge Structure: Thermodynamics
Part VI: Electricity and Magnetism
Part VI: Electricity and Magnetism Overview: Forces and Fields
Chapter 22: Electric Charges and Forces
Introduction: Electric Charges and Forces
22.1: The Charge Model
22.1.1: Experimenting with Charges
22.1.2: Electric Properties of Materials
22.2: Charge
22.2.1: Atoms and Electricity
22.2.2: The Micro/Macro Connection
22.2.3: Charge Conservation
22.3: Insulators and Conductors
22.3.1: Charging
22.3.2: Discharging
22.3.3: Charge Polarization
22.3.4: The Electric Dipole
22.3.5: Charging by Induction
22.4: Coulomb’s Law
22.4.1: Units of Charge
22.4.2: Using Coulomb’s Law
22.5: The Electric Field
22.5.1: The Concept of a Field
22.5.2: The Field Model
22.5.3: The Electric Field of a Point Charge
22.5.4: Unit Vector Notation
Chapter 22: Summary
Chapter 22: Conceptual Questions
Chapter 22: Exercises and Problems
Chapter 23: The Electric Field
Introduction: The Electric Field
23.1: Electric Field Models
23.2: The Electric Field of Point Charges
23.2.1: The Electric Field of Multiple Point Charges
23.2.2: Limiting Cases
23.2.3: The Electric Field of a Dipole
23.2.4: Electric Field Lines
23.3: The Electric Field of a Continuous Charge Distribution
23.3.1: Integration Is Summation
23.3.2: A Problem-Solving Strategy
23.3.3: An Infinite Line of Charge
23.4: The Electric Fields of Some Common Charge Distributions
23.4.1: A Disk of Charge
23.4.2: Limiting Cases
23.4.3: A Plane of Charge
23.4..4: A Sphere of Charge
23.5: The Parallel-Plate Capacitor
23.5.1: Uniform Electric Fields
23.6: Motion of a Charged Particle in an Electric Field
23.6.1: Motion in a Uniform Field
23.7: Motion of a Dipole in an Electric Field
23.7.1: Dipoles in a Uniform Field
23.7.2: Dipoles in a Nonuniform Field
Chapter 23: Summary
Chapter 23: Conceptual Questions
Chapter 23: Exercises and Problems
Chapter 24: Gauss’s Law
Introduction: Gauss’s Law
24.1: Symmetry
24.1.1: What Good Is Symmetry?
24.1.2: Three Fundamental Symmetries
24.2: The Concept of Flux
24.3: Calculating Electric Flux
24.3.1: The Basic Definition of Flux
24.3.2: The Electric Flux of a Nonuniform Electric Field
24.3.3: The Flux Through a Curved Surface
24.3.4: The Electric Flux Through a Closed Surface
24.4: Gauss’s Law
24.4.1: Electric Flux Is Independent of Surface Shape and Radius
24.4.2: Charge Outside the Surface
24.4.3: Multiple Charges
24.4.5: What Does Gauss’s Law Tell Us?
24.5: Using Gauss’s Law
24.6: Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium
24.6.1: At the Surface of a Conductor
24.6.2: Charges and Fields Inside a Conductor
Chapter 24: Summary
Chapter 24: Conceptual Questions
Chapter 24: Exercises and Problems
Chapter 25: The Electric Potential
Introduction: The Electric Potential
25.1: Electric Potential Energy
25.1.1: A Gravitational Analogy
25.1.2: The Potential Energy of a Charge in a Uniform Electric Field
25.2: The Potential Energy of Point Charges
25.2.1: Charged-Particle Interactions
25.2.2: The Electric Force Is a Conservative Force
25.2.3: Multiple Point Charges
25.3: The Potential Energy of a Dipole
25.4: The Electric Potential
25.4.1: Using the Electric Potential
25.5: The Electric Potential Inside a Parallel-Plate Capacitor
25.5.1: Visualizing Electric Potential
25.6: The Electric Potential of a Point Charge
25.6.1: Visualizing the Potential of a Point Charge
25.6.2: The Electric Potential of a Charged Sphere
25.7: The Electric Potential of Many Charges
25.7.1: The Potential of a Continuous Distribution of Charge
Chapter 25: Summary
Chapter 25: Conceptual Questions
Chapter 25: Exercises and Problems
Chapter 26: Potential and Field
Introduction: Potential and Field
26.1: Connecting Potential and Field
26.2: Finding the Electric Field from the Potentia
26.2.1: Field Parallel to a Coordinate Axis
26.2.2: The Geometry of Potential and Field
26.2.3: Kirchhoff’s Loop Law
26.3: A Conductor in Electrostatic Equilibrium
26.4: Sources of Electric Potential
26.4.1: Batteries and emf
26.4.2: Batteries in Series
26.5: Capacitance and Capacitors
26.5.1: The Parallel-Plate Capacitor
26.5.2: Charging a Capacitor
26.5.3: Combinations of Capacitors
26.6: The Energy Stored in a Capacitor
26.6.1: The Energy in the Electric Field
26.7: Dielectrics
26.7.1: Inserting a Dielectric into a Capacitor
Chapter 26: Summary
Chapter 26: Conceptual Questions
Chapter 26: Exercises and Problems
Chapter 27: Current and Resistance
Introduction: Current and Resistance
27.1: The Electron Current
27.1.1: Charge Carriers
27.1.2: Discharging a Capacitor
27.2: Creating a Current
27.2.1: Establishing the Electric Field in a Wire
27.2.2: A Model of Conduction
27.3: Current and Current Density
27.3.1: The Current Density in a Wire
27.3.2: Charge Conservation and Current
27.4: Conductivity and Resistivity
27.4.1: Superconductivity
27.5: Resistance and Ohm’s Law
27.5.1: Batteries and Current
27.5.2: Resistors and Ohmic Materials
Chapter 27: Summary
Chapter 27: Conceptual Questions
Chapter 27: Exercises and Problems
Chapter 28: Fundamentals of Circuits
Introduction: Fundamentals of Circuits
28.1: Circuit Elements and Diagrams
28.2: Kirchhoff’s Laws and the Basic Circuit
28.2.1: The Basic Circuit
28.3: Energy and Power
28.3.1: Energy Dissipation in Resistors
28.3.2: Kilowatt Hours
28.4: Series Resistors
28.4.1: Ammeters
28.5: Real Batteries
28.5.1: A Short Circuit
28.6: Parallel Resistors
28.6.1: Voltmeters
28.7: Resistor Circuits
28.8: Getting Grounded
28.9: RC Circuits
28.9.1: Charging a Capacitor
Chapter 28: Summary
Chapter 28: Conceptual Questions
Chapter 28: Exercises and Problems
Chapter 29: The Magnetic Field
Introduction: The Magnetic Field
29.1: Magnetism
29.1.1: Compasses and Geomagnetism
29.2: The Discovery of the Magnetic Field
29.2.1: The Magnetic Field
29.2.2: Two Kinds of Magnetism?
29.3: The Source of the Magnetic Field: Moving Charges
29.3.1: Superposition
29.3.2: The Vector Cross Product
29.4: The Magnetic Field of a Current
29.5: Magnetic Dipoles
29.5.1: A Current Loop Is a Magnetic Dipole
29.5.2: The Magnetic Dipole Moment
29.6: Ampere’s Law and Solenoids
29.6.1: Line Integrals
29.6.2: Ampere’s Law
29.6.3: The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid
29.7: The Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge
29.7.1: Magnetic Force
29.7.2: Cyclotron Motion
29.7.3: The Cyclotron
29.7.4: The Hall Effect
29.8: Magnetic Forces on Current-Carrying Wires
29.8.1: Force Between Two Parallel Wires
29.9: Forces and Torques on Current Loops
29.9.1: An Electric Motor
29.10: Magnetic Properties of Matter
29.10.1: Atomic Magnets
29.10.2: The Electron Spin
29.10.3: Ferromagnetism
29.10.4: Induced Magnetic Dipoles
Chapter 29: Summary
Chapter 29: Conceptual Questions
Chapter 29: Exercises and Problems
Chapter 30: Electromagnetic Induction
Introduction: Electromagnetic Induction
30.1: Induced Currents
30.2: Motional emf
30.2.1: Induced Current in a Circuit
30.2.2: Energy Considerations
30.2.3: Eddy Currents
30.3: Magnetic Flux
30.3.1: Magnetic Flux in a Nonuniform Field
30.4: Lenz’s Law
30.4.1: Using Lenz’s Law
30.5: Faraday’s Law
30.5.1: Using Faraday’s Law
30.5.2: What Does Faraday’s Law Tell Us?
30.6: Induced Fields
30.6.1: Calculating the Induced Field
30.6.2: Maxwell’s Theory of Electromagnetic Waves
30.7: Induced Currents: Three Applications
30.7.1: Generators
30.7.2: Transformers
30.7.3: Metal Detectors
30.8: Inductors
30.8.1: The Potential Difference Across an Inductor
30.8.2: Energy in Inductors and Magnetic Fields
30.9: LC Circuits
30.10: LR Circuits
Chapter 30: Summary
Chapter 30: Conceptual Questions
Chapter 30: Exercises and Problems
Chapter 31: Electromagnetic Fields and Waves
Introduction: Electromagnetic Fields and Waves
31.1: E or B? It Depends on Your Perspective
31.1.1: Reference Frames
31.1.2: The Transformation of Electric and Magnetic Fields
31.1.3: Almost Relativity
31.1.4: Faraday’s Law Revisited
31.2: The Field Laws Thus Far
31.3: The Displacement Current
31.3.1: Something Is Missing
31.3.2: The Induced Magnetic Field
31.4: Maxwell’s Equations
31.5: Advanced Topic: Electromagnetic Waves
31.5.1: The Structure of Electromagnetic Waves
31.5.2: Faraday’s Law
31.5.3: The Ampere-Maxwell Law
31.5.4: The Wave Equation
31.5.6: Connecting E and B
31.6: Properties of Electromagnetic Waves
31.6.1: Energy and Intensity
31.6.2: Radiation Pressure
31.6.3: Antennas
31.7: Polarization
31.7.1: Malus’s Law
Chapter 31: Summary
Chapter 31: Conceptual Questions
Chapter 31: Exercises and Problems
Chapter 32: AC Circuits
Introduction: AC Circuits
32.1: AC Sources and Phasors
32.1.1: Resistor Circuits
32.2: Capacitor Circuits
32.2.1: Capacitive Reactance
32.3: RC Filter Circuits
32.3.1: Frequency Dependence
32.3.2: Filters
32.4: Inductor Circuits
32.5: The Series RLC Circuit
32.5.1: Impedance
32.5.2: Phase Angle
32.5.3: Resonance
32.6: Power in AC Circuits
32.6.1: Resistors
32.6.2: Capacitors and Inductors
32.6.3: The Power Factor
Chapter 32: Summary
Chapter 32: Conceptual Questions
Chapter 32: Exercises and Problems
Part VI Summary
Part VI Knowledge Structure: Electricity and Magnetism
Part VII: Optics
Part VII: Optics Overview: The Story of Light
Chapter 33: Wave Optics
Introduction: Wave Optics
33.1: Models of Light
33.1.1: Three Views
33.2: The Interference of Light
33.2.1: A Brief Review of Interference
33.2.2: Young’s Double-Slit Experiment
33.2.3: Analyzing Double-Slit Interference
33.2.4: Positions of the Fringes
33.2.5: Intensity of the Double-Slit Interference Pattern
33.3: The Diffraction Grating
33.3.1: Reflection Gratings
33.4: Single-Slit Diffraction
33.4.1: Huygens’ Principle
33.4.2: Analyzing Single-Slit Diffraction
33.4.3: The Width of a Single-Slit Diffraction Pattern
33.5: Advanced Topic: A Closer Look at Diffraction
33.5.1: The Single Slit Revisited
33.5.2: The Complete Double-Slit Intensity
33.6: Circular-Aperture Diffraction
33.7: The Wave Model of Light
33.8: Interferometers
33.8.1: The Michelson Interferometer
33.8.2: Holography
Chapter 33: Summary
Chapter 33: Conceptual Questions
Chapter 33: Exercises and Problems
Chapter 34: Ray Optics
Introduction: Ray Optics
34.1: The Ray Model of Light
34.1.1: Objects
34.1.2: Ray Diagrams
34.1.3: Apertures
34.2: Reflection
34.2.1: Diffuse Reflection
34.2.2: The Plane Mirror
34.3: Refraction
34.3.1: The Index of Refraction
34.3.2: Examples of Refraction
34.3.3: Total Internal Reflection
34.3.4: Fiber Optics
34.4: Image Formation by Refraction at a Plane Surface
34.5: Thin Lenses: Ray Tracing
34.5.1: Converging Lenses
34.5.2: Real Images
34.5.3: Lateral Magnification
34.5.4: Virtual Images
34.5.5: Diverging Lenses
34.6: Thin Lenses: Refraction Theory
34.6.1: Lenses
34.6.2: Thin-Lens Image Formation
34.7: Image Formation with Spherical Mirrors
34.7.1: Concave Mirrors
34.7.2: Convex Mirrors
34.7.3: The Mirror Equation
Chapter 34: Summary
Chapter 34: Conceptual Questions
Chapter 34: Exercises and Problems
Chapter 35: Optical Instruments
Introduction: Optical Instruments
35.1: Lenses in Combination
35.2: The Camera
35.2.1: Controlling the Exposure
35.2.2: The Detector
35.3: Vision
35.3.1: Focusing and Accommodation
35.3.2: Refractive Errors of the Eye and Their Correction
35.4: Optical Systems That Magnify
35.4.1: The Microscope
35.4.2: The Telescope
35.5: Color and Dispersion
35.5.1: Color
35.5.2: Dispersion
35.5.3: Rainbows
35.5.4: Colored Filters and Colored Objects
35.5.5: Light Scattering: Blue Skies and Red Sunsets
35.6: The Resolution of Optical Instruments
35.6.1: Diffraction Again
35.6.2: Resolution
Chapter 35: Summary
Chapter 35: Conceptual Questions
Chapter 35: Exercises and Problems
Part VII Summary
Part VII Knowledge Structure: Optics
Part VIII: Relativity and Quantum Physics
Part VIII: Relativity and Quantum Physics Overview: Contemporary Physics
Chapter 36: Relativity
Introduction: Relativity
36.1: Relativity: What’s It All About?
36.1.1: What’s Special About Special Relativity?
36.2: Galilean Relativity
36.2.1: Reference Frames
36.2.2: The Galilean Transformations
36.2.3: The Galilean Principle of Relativity
36.3: Einstein’s Principle of Relativity
36.3.1: The Constancy of the Speed of Light
36.3.2: How Can This Be?
36.4: Events and Measurements
36.4.1: Events
36.4.2: Measurements
36.4.3: Clock Synchronization
36.4.4: Events and Observations
36.4.5: Simultaneity
36.5: The Relativity of Simultaneity
36.5.1: Resolving the Paradox
36.6: Time Dilation
36.6.1: Proper Time
36.6.2: Experimental Evidence
36.6.3: The Twin Paradox
36.7: Length Contraction
36.7.1: Another Paradox?
36.7.2: The Spacetime Interval
36.8: The Lorentz Transformations
36.8.1: Using Relativity
36.8.2: Length
36.8.3: The Binomial Approximation
36.8.4: The Lorentz Velocity Transformations
36.9: Relativistic Momentum
36.9.1: The Cosmic Speed Limit
36.10: Relativistic Energy
36.10.1: Rest Energy and Total Energy
36.10.2: Mass-Energy Equivalence
36.10.3: Conservation of Energy
Chapter 36: Summary
Chapter 36: Conceptual Questions
Chapter 36: Exercises and Problems
Chapter 37: The Foundations of Modern Physics
Introduction: The Foundations of Modern Physics
37.1: Matter and Light
37.2: The Emission and Absorption of Light
37.2.1: Continuous Spectra and Blackbody Radiation
37.2.2: Discrete Spectra
37.3: Cathode Rays and X Rays
37.3.1: Crookes Tubes
37.3.2: X Rays
37.4: The Discovery of the Electron
37.4.1: Thomson’s Crossed-Field Experiment
37.4.2: The Electron
37.5: The Fundamental Unit of Charge
37.6: The Discovery of the Nucleus
37.6.1: The First Nuclear Physics Experiment
37.6.2: The Electron Volt
37.6.3: Using the Nuclear Model
37.7: Into the Nucleus
37.7.1: The Neutron
37.8: Classical Physics at the Limit
Chapter 37: Summary
Chapter 37: Conceptual Questions
Chapter 37: Exercises and Problems
Chapter 38: Quantization
Introduction: Quantization
38.1: The Photoelectric Effect
38.1.1: Characteristics of the Photoelectric Effect
38.1.2: Classical Interpretation of the Photoelectric Effect
38.1.3: The Stopping Potential
38.1.4: Limits of the Classical Interpretation
38.2: Einstein’s Explanation
38.2.1: Einstein’s Postulates
38.2.2: A Prediction
38.3: Photons
38.3.1: The Photon Model of Light
38.3.2: The Photon Rate
38.3.3: Advanced Topic: Compton Scattering
38.4: Matter Waves and Energy Quantization
38.4.1: Quantization of Energy
38.5: Bohr’s Model of Atomic Quantization
38.5.1: Energy-Level Diagrams
38.6: The Bohr Hydrogen Atom
38.6.1: The Stationary States of the Hydrogen Atom
38.6.2: Hydrogen Atom Energy Levels
38.6.3: Binding Energy and Ionization Energy
38.6.4: Quantization of Angular Momentum
38.7: The Hydrogen Spectrum
38.7.1: The Hydrogen Energy-Level Diagram
38.7.2: The Emission Spectrum
38.7.3: Hydrogen-Like Ions
38.7.4: Success and Failure
Chapter 38: Summary
Chapter 38: Conceptual Questions
Chapter 38: Exercises and Problems
Chapter 39: Wave Functions and Uncertainty
Introduction: Wave Functions and Uncertainty
39.1: Waves, Particles, and the Double-Slit Experiment
39.1.1: A Wave Analysis of Interference
39.1.2: Probability
39.1.3: A Photon Analysis of Interference
39.2: Connecting the Wave and Photon Views
39.2.1: Probability Density
39.3: The Wave Function
39.3.1: A Little Science Methodology
39.4: Normalization
39.5: Wave Packets
39.5.1: Bandwidth
39.5.2: Uncertainty
39.6: The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
39.6.1: What Does It Mean?
Chapter 39: Summary
Chapter 39: Conceptual Questions
Chapter 39: Exercises and Problems
Chapter 40: One-Dimensional Quantum Mechanics
Introduced: One-Dimensional Quantum Mechanics
40.1: The Schrodinger Equation
40.1.1: Justifying the Schrodinger Equation
40.1.2: Quantum-Mechanical Models
40.2: Solving the Schrodinger Equation
40.2.1: Restrictions and Boundary Conditions
40.2.2: Quantization
40.2.3: Problem Solving in Quantum Mechanics
40.3: A Particle in a Rigid Box: Energies and Wave Functions
40.3.1: Model: Identify a Potential-Energy Function
40.3.2: Visualize: Establish Boundary Conditions
40.3.3: Solve I: Find the Wave Functions
40.3.4: Solve II: Find the Allowed Energies
40.3.5: Solve III: Normalize the Wave Functions
40.4: A Particle in a Rigid Box: Interpreting the Solution
40.4.1: Zero-Point Motion
40.5: The Correspondence Principle
40.6: Finite Potential Wells
40.6.1: The Classically Forbidden Region
40.6.2: Quantum-Well Devices
40.6.3: Nuclear Physics
40.7: Wave-Function Shapes
40.8: The Quantum Harmonic Oscillator
40.8.1: Molecular Vibrations
40.9: More Quantum Models
40.9.1: A Particle in a Capacitor
40.9.2: The Covalent Bond
40.10: Quantum-Mechanical Tunneling
40.10.1: The Scanning Tunneling Microscope
Chapter 40: Summary
Chapter 40: Conceptual Questions
Chapter 40: Exercises and Problems
Chapter 41: Atomic Physics
Introduction: Atomic Physics
41.1: The Hydrogen Atom: Angular Momentum and Energy
41.1.1: Stationary States of Hydrogen
41.1.2: Angular Momentum Is Quantized
41.1.3: Energy Levels of the Hydrogen Atom
41.2: The Hydrogen Atom: Wave Functions and Probabilities
41.2.1: Radial Wave Functions
41.2.2: Angular Momentum and Orbit Shapes
41.3: The Electron’s Spin
41.3.1: The Discovery of Spin
41.4: Multielectron Atoms
41.4.1: The Pauli Exclusion Principle
41.5: The Periodic Table of the Elements
41.5.1: The First Two Rows
41.5.2: Elements with Z > 10
41.5.3: Ionization Energies
41.6: Excited States and Spectra
41.6.1: Excitation by Absorption
41.6.2: Collisional Excitation
41.6.3: Emission Spectra
41.6.4: Color in Solids
41.7: Lifetimes of Excited States
41.7.1: The Decay Equation
41.8: Stimulated Emission and Lasers
41.8.1: Lasers
41.8.2: The Ruby Laser
41.8.3: The Helium-Neon Laser
Chapter 41: Summary
Chapter 41: Conceptual Questions
Chapter 41: Exercises and Problems
Chapter 42: Nuclear Physics
Introduction: Nuclear Physics
42.1: Nuclear Structure
42.1.1: Nucleons
42.1.2: Isotopes and Isobars
42.1.3: Atomic Mass
42.1.4: Nuclear Size and Density
42.2: Nuclear Stability
42.2.1: Binding Energy
42.3: The Strong Force
42.3.1: Potential Energy
42.4: The Shell Model
42.4.1: Low-Z Nuclei
42.4.2: High-Z Nuclei
42.5: Radiation and Radioactivity
42.5.1: Ionizing Radiation
42.5.2: Nuclear Decay and Half-Lives
42.5.3: Activity
42.5.4: Radioactive Dating
42.6: Nuclear Decay Mechanisms
42.6.1: Alpha Decay
42.6.2: Beta Decay
42.6.3: The Weak Interaction
42.6.4: Gamma Decay
42.6.5: Decay Series
42.7: Biological Applications of Nuclear Physics
42.7.1: Radiation Dose
42.7.2: Medical Uses of Radiation
42.7.3: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Chapter 42: Summary
Chapter 42: Conceptual Questions
Chapter 42: Exercises and Problems
Part VIII Summary
Part VIII Knowledge Structure: Relativity and Quantum Physics
Backmatter
Appendix A: Mathematics Review
Appendix B: Periodic Table of Elements
Appendix C: Atomic and Nuclear Data
Chapter 1: Answers to Stop to Think Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems
Chapter 2: Answers to Stop to Think Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems
Chapter 3: Answers to Stop to Think Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems
Chapter 4: Answers to Stop to Think Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems
Chapter 5: Answers to Stop to Think Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems
Chapter 6: Answers to Stop to Think Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems
Chapter 7: Answers to Stop to Think Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems
Chapter 8: Answers to Stop to Think Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems
Chapter 9: Answers to Stop to Think Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems
Chapter 10: Answers to Stop to Think Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems
Chapter 11: Answers to Stop to Think Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems
Chapter 12: Answers to Stop to Think Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems
Chapter 13: Answers to Stop to Think Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems
Chapter 14: Answers to Stop to Think Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems
Chapter 15: Answers to Stop to Think Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems
Chapter 16: Answers to Stop to Think Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems
Chapter 17: Answers to Stop to Think Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems
Chapter 18: Answers to Stop to Think Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems
Chapter 19: Answers to Stop to Think Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems
Chapter 20: Answers to Stop to Think Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems
Chapter 21: Answers to Stop to Think Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems
Chapter 22: Answers to Stop to Think Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems
Chapter 23: Answers to Stop to Think Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems
Chapter 24: Answers to Stop to Think Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems
Chapter 25: Answers to Stop to Think Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems
Chapter 26: Answers to Stop to Think Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems
Chapter 27: Answers to Stop to Think Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems
Chapter 28: Answers to Stop to Think Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems
Chapter 29: Answers to Stop to Think Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems
Chapter 30: Answers to Stop to Think Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems
Chapter 31: Answers to Stop to Think Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems
Chapter 32: Answers to Stop to Think Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems
Chapter 33: Answers to Stop to Think Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems
Chapter 34: Answers to Stop to Think Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems
Chapter 35: Answers to Stop to Think Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems
Chapter 36: Answers to Stop to Think Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems
Chapter 37: Answers to Stop to Think Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems
Chapter 38: Answers to Stop to Think Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems
Chapter 39: Answers to Stop to Think Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems
Chapter 40: Answers to Stop to Think Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems
Chapter 41: Answers to Stop to Think Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems
Chapter 42: Answers to Stop to Think Questions and Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems
Useful Data
Credits
Index